Collected research
Universal Deserialisation Gadget for Ruby 2.x-3.x
A gadget chain built only from Ruby's default classes turns an untrusted Marshal.load into arbitrary command execution, running from Gem::Requirement through Gem::Package::TarReader and Net::BufferedIO to Net::WriteAdapter, which calls any chosen method on any object. It replaces the earlier gadget patched in Ruby 2.7 and works from Ruby 2.0 to 3.0 with no extra gems loaded.
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