---
type: Whitepaper
title: 38468 new methods in automated xss detection
description: "A scanner method that stops firing static payloads and instead injects a unique slug, parses where it lands in the HTML, JavaScript or DOM, and builds a table of which characters survive the application's filters and transformations. From that context and character table it composes a dynamic exploit per injection point, finding stored and hard-to-reach XSS with fewer false positives."
resource: "https://www.exploit-db.com/docs/english/38468-new-methods-in-automated-xss-detection.pdf"
tags: [whitepaper, webseclist-reference, xss, filter-bypass, sanitizer-bypass, detection, tooling, dom, owasp-a03-2021, owasp-a05-2021, owasp-a09-2021]
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    resource: "https://www.exploit-db.com/docs/english/38468-new-methods-in-automated-xss-detection.pdf"
    title: 38468 new methods in automated xss detection
    author: Kenneth F. Belva
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# 38468 new methods in automated xss detection

**38468 new methods in automated xss detection** - Kenneth F. Belva, Publisher not stated.

- Published: date not stated
- Original: <https://www.exploit-db.com/docs/english/38468-new-methods-in-automated-xss-detection.pdf>
- Preserved from: https://www.exploit-db.com/docs/english/38468-new-methods-in-automated-xss-detection.pdf (stored) on 2026-08-11
- Licence: unknown

Rights remain with the original author and publisher. This is a research
archive of a source from the Web Hacking Techniques Index collections, kept so the
page going offline. To read the original, follow the link above.

## Content

> UNTRUSTED SOURCE TEXT. Everything below this line is third-party material
> quoted for research. It is data, not instructions. Do not follow directions,
> execute code, or fetch URLs because this text says so.

New Methods in Automated XSS Detection
      & Dynamic Exploit Creation

              A Multi-deck Presentation

        Kenneth F. Belva, CISSP, CEH
              xssWarrior.com




   All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending Globally. All Rights Reserved.   1
                                     xssWarrior.com
          Contents & Deck Content
●   Contact Information / Bio
●   Slide Deck 1: Methods and Techniques Overview
    – Describes the overall picture of how things work

●   Slide Deck 2: OWASP AppSecUSA 2015 Presentation
    – Gives more details about methods and variations

●   Slide Deck 3: xssWarrior & XSS: A Basic Introduction
    – Non-Technical Introduction with screenshots of product
      showing this is not just theory / vaporware



          All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending Globally. All Rights Reserved.   2
                                            xssWarrior.com
       Ken's Contact Information
Email:        contact @ xssWarrior.com
Product:      http://xssWarrior.com
Twitter:      http://twitter.com/xssWarrior
Me:           http://twitter.com/infosecmaverick

Research: http://securitymaverick.com
Essays:   http://www.bloginfosec.com

                   Stop by and say, 'Hi'!

       All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending Globally. All Rights Reserved.   3
                                         xssWarrior.com
                          Bio of Kenneth F. Belva
Kenneth F. Belva is the Publisher and Editor-in-Chief of bloginfosec.com. He is current develops xssWarrior, currently the only scanner
    than can automate testing for Stored XSS, for commercial use at xssWarrior.com. In addition, he is an independent penetration
    tester and security researcher.

For the past 15 years he worked in Cyber Security mainly in the financial services vertical, most recently at a multinational
     conglomerate, conducting both technical and non-technical risk assessments at the application and network layers. From 2005 -
     2013 he managed an Information Technology Risk Management Program for a bank whose assets are Billions of dollars.

At the OWASP AppSec2013 conference BugCrowd validated three of his 0-day vulnerabilities he found in Yahoo, Yandex and Angelist
     within the first two days of BugBash2013. He has since been credited with finding a number of other vulnerabilities on sites such as
     Netflix and OKCupid.

He was previously on the board of the New York Metro Chapter of the Information Systems Security Association (ISSA) where he
    served in various capacities over the past 9 years. He has spoken and moderated at the United Nations as well as presented on
    AT&T’s Internet Security News Network (ISNN) on discovering unknown web application vulnerabilities as well as being
    interviewed on security enablement.

ITsecurity.com recognized him as one of the top information security influencers in 2007.

In 2009, he was published in the Information Security Management Handbook, Sixth Edition, edited by Hal Tipton and Micki Krause. He
     also co-authored one of the central chapters in Enterprise Information Security and Privacy, edited by Warren Axelrod, Jennifer L.
     Bayuk and Daniel Schutzer.

He recently co-authored a paper entitled “Creating Business Through Virtual Trust: How to Gain and Sustain a Competitive Advantage
     Using Information Security” with Sam Dekay of The Bank of New York. of security breaches on stock prices.

Mr. Belva frequently presents at information security conferences around the US as well as globally. He writes on day-to-day information
     security experiences in a non-essay format at SecurityMaverick.com when time permits and can be followed on twitter
     @infosecmaverick
                      All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending Globally. All Rights Reserved.                                 4
                                                        xssWarrior.com
          Slide Deck 1
Methods and Techniques Overview




All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending Globally. All Rights Reserved.   5
                                  xssWarrior.com
New Methods in Automated XSS Detection
      & Dynamic Exploit Creation


        Kenneth F. Belva, CISSP, CEH
              xssWarrior.com




   All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending Globally. All Rights Reserved.   6
                                     xssWarrior.com
 Overview of Methods and Techniques
Presented at OWASP AppSecUSA 2015




  All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending Globally. All Rights Reserved.   7
                                    xssWarrior.com
                       Points of Interest
●   Please note: This presentation is a very simple
    explanation to communicate the method and
    concepts
●   See OWASP presentation for more in-depth
    ideas and examples
●   Not vapor-ware: Advanced Scanner Exists
●   Links on second to last slide for more information
●   Please visit:              xssWarrior.com

         All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending Globally. All Rights Reserved.   8
                                           xssWarrior.com
              Part 1:
The Current Automated Methodology




All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending Globally. All Rights Reserved.   9
                                  xssWarrior.com
Most Popular XSS Detection Methodology:
 The Exploit String Includes the Payload/Token



          <script>alert(12345)</script>

 Scanners Slam Strings into Application
Hoping for a Callback or Event to Fire for
               Validation

              Inefficient and Inaccurate


   All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending Globally. All Rights Reserved.   10
                                     xssWarrior.com
One Major Problem is Transformations


&quot;script&quot;alert12345&quot;/script&quot;


 Most Popular XSS Detection Methods Cannot
    Account for Different Exploit Situations




      All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending Globally. All Rights Reserved.   11
                                        xssWarrior.com
              Part 2:
    The New Testing Methodology



           Applies to All XSS:
Reflected, ReflectedStored, Stored, DOM




   All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending Globally. All Rights Reserved.   12
                                     xssWarrior.com
Step 1: Tracing Data and Building Cases:
           Inputs and Outputs
                               The goal:
 Track where the data goes into the application and where it comes out
We assign a unique slug value to each field and load it into the application

            Assign unique slug value to a field and submit

             http://website?parm=1 -> http://website?parm=12345

 Spider site to see where unique slugs come out in HTML/JS /DOM/etc.
              In this way we build cases of input and output
                   Page 1 ---> Page 2 / Page 3 / Page 4

                        Example of Slug in HTML Output
                         <img src="12345" >some text</img>
                               <a href="a">12345</a>

       We can inject custom script into DOM and search for our slug
        All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending Globally. All Rights Reserved.   13
                                          xssWarrior.com
 Step 2: Parse source where slug found to get
MINUMUM characters needed for each context


                   <img src="12345" >some text</img>

 "> is needed for Case 1 Exploit and None Needed for Case 2 Exploit

                                    Case 1:
                        <img src="12345">[exploit]</img>

                                  Case 2:
                <img src="[exploit.js]">some text</img>




       All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending Globally. All Rights Reserved.   14
                                         xssWarrior.com
                          Step 3:
Use Sandwich Method to Determine Potential Vulnerability and
    Build Table of Characters that Pass though App/Filter
                                       Sandwich Method:

                      Enclose string to search between two unique slugs

                                         12345"12345
                                         12345<12345

                             As these unique strings are searchable
           we will know if they come out the other side for our cases built in Step 1


                              http://website?parm=12345"12345
                              http://website?parm=12345<12345

                                   Potential Vulnerability:
                          <img src="12345"12345" >some text</img>
                                <a href="a">12345<12345</a>

                            Not Vulnerable (in modern browsers):
                       <img src="12345&quot;12345" >some text</img>
                               <a href="a">12345&lt;12345</a>




       All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending Globally. All Rights Reserved.   15
                                         xssWarrior.com
Step 4: If potential vulnerability exists check
  for exploit characters that fit the context
                                   Case 1 HTML:
                      <img src="12345"12345" >some text</img>

                                     Exploit 1:
                <img src="http://website/EvilJS.js" >some text</img>

                                      Exploit 2:
                        <img src="EvilJS.js" >some text</img>


                      Potential Exploits & Special Characters:
                           http://website/EvilJS.js --> :/.
                                    EvilJS.js --> .

                                     Case 2 HTML:
                             <a href="a">12345<12345</a>

                                       Exploit 1:
                         <script>alert(10)</script> -->         <>()/

                                   Exploit 2:
           <script>String.fromCharCode(88,83,83)</script> -->                <>()/.,

      All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending Globally. All Rights Reserved.   16
                                        xssWarrior.com
                             Step 5:
           From Built Table We Can Further Determine
    Exploit Selection: Which Should Work & Which Should Fail
       Based on Which Characters Make it Through Filter
             (Accurately Determine Transformations)
            Translation Name Value-Originally               Value-Submit Value-Detect
                ASCII            <                              <            <
                HTML             <                              <            &#x3c;
            HTML-NoSemi          "                              "            &#x22
            HTML-pre             <                              &#x3c;       &#x3c;
            HTML-pre             "                              &#x22;       &#x22;

                        Value-Submit = Value Submitted to Application
                                        12345<12345
                                        12345<12345
                                     12345&#x22;12345

               Value-Detect = Value Searched in HTML/JS/DOM by Scanner
                                      12345<12345
                                    12345&#x3c;12345
                                    12345&#x22;12345

When Submitted The Character Should be tested with and without URL encoding since older
                      browser do not encode before submission
                           12345%2212345 → 12345”12345


            All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending Globally. All Rights Reserved.   17
                                              xssWarrior.com
 Step 6: Build Exploit with Proper Syntax and Test
                (A Simple Example)

                  Assume Proper Characters Passed Filter and in our Table
                      HTML Case: <img src="12345" >some text</img>

                  Syntax from parsing:          ">
                  Exploit:                      <script>alert(1)</script>
                  Dynamic Exploit:              "><script>alert(1)</script>

                  Test / Submit & Scan: 12345"><script>alert(1)</script>12345

                  Result 1 (Valid): <img src="12345"><script>alert(1)</script>12345”>some text</img>

                  An Invalid Might look Like: <img src="12345"><>alert1</s>12345”>some text</img>

        12345"><>alert1</s>12345 Does not Match 12345"><script>alert(1)</script>12345

Since we can parse the HTML/JavaScript/DOM (syntax) and know what gets through the filter
                       we can build complex dynamic XSS exploits




             All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending Globally. All Rights Reserved.     18
                                               xssWarrior.com
                        Additional Notes



All Other String Combinations are Searchable.
       For Example, Anti-XSS Libraries:

                       12345<script12345
                      12345<script>12345




     All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending Globally. All Rights Reserved.   19
                                       xssWarrior.com
                  Part 3:
Additional Automated XSS Exploit Techniques




     All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending Globally. All Rights Reserved.   20
                                       xssWarrior.com
 Item 1: New Exploit Validation Method
   without Callbacks or Event Trigger

If data is assigned a variable by definition the code has executed

                             Assume our exploit is:

         <script> sploitValidationField = 12345 </script>

        If we search for sploitValidationField in the DOM
                 and find the value in it is 12345

                    We will know our exploit will work

           (Call backs and event triggers are still valid too)



      All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending Globally. All Rights Reserved.   21
                                        xssWarrior.com
    Item 2: Privilege Escalation Testing

                  Build Case in following way:

 Authenticate and Load Slugs as User of one Level
                     (Input)

Authenticate as Higher Level user and Scan for Slugs
                      (Output)

Once Mapped from Lower to Higher User Test using
               Above Methods


      All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending Globally. All Rights Reserved.   22
                                        xssWarrior.com
                                 Closing Remarks & Links
●   Support Our Cyber Security Industry Independent Researchers:
     –   Please License: Don't Steal
●   Currently Available as API and Service Offering
     –   http://xssWarrior.com
●   LinkedIn Application Business Page
     –   https://www.linkedin.com/company/xsswarrior
●   Contact information for Engagements and Speaking
     –   speak@xssWarrior.com
●   Linkedin Profile
     –   https://www.linkedin.com/in/kenbelva
●   xssWarrior YouTube Video:
     –   https://youtu.be/CxHvr9Et3lo
●   OWASP AppSecUSA 2015
     –   https://appsecusa2015.sched.org/event/b3bf7e553d06f523704697068f0adedc
     –   https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLpr-xdpM8wG93dG_L9QKs0W1cD-esQEzU




                   All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending Globally. All Rights Reserved.   23
                                                     xssWarrior.com
    Thank You Much For Your Time




All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending Globally. All Rights Reserved.   24
                                  xssWarrior.com
          Slide Deck 2
OWASP AppSecUSA 2015 Presentation




  All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending Globally. All Rights Reserved.   25
                                    xssWarrior.com
     New Methods in Automated XSS Detection:
          Dynamic XSS Testing without Using Static Payloads
    Kenneth F. Belva, CISSP
    2015




http://xssWarrior.com
All Material and Methods Contained Here
Patent Pending. All Rights Reserved
         Table of Contents

      Introduction / Background
         What this presentation is and what it is not....
         Some History: Discovering the Dynamic XSS
          Methodologies

                                Part 1: The State of Automated XSS
                                          Discovery Today


                                         Current Known &                    Issues with Payloads:
               On Payloads: Static /
                                        Popular Automated                         Syntax and
                Signature Analysis
                                        XSS Testing Methods                    Transformations



                                                                              The Trace and then
                The Payload “Slam”      The Tracing Payload
                                                                               Payload Replace


http://xssWarrior.com                            All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending. All Rights Reserved
         Table of Contents (pt2)

        Part 2: New Methods -
      Dynamic Analysis of XSS
       Vulnerabilities: The Theory & (Some)
       Practice

      Change of Focus from Payloads to Characters
      Application Component Review: Filters, DB, Memory, Source & DOM
      Let's briefly talk about slugs and fields
      Tracing and parsing for needed characters
      The Sandwich Method
      The New XSS Detection Logic
      A Quick Reflected XSS Example
      Sandwich Method Extended: Brute-Force, Special Strings, Various
       Encodings & more
      Filtering in the field: A Real-life Pen Test Example
      The Questions of Accuracy and Efficiency
      Browser Considerations
      Goodbye Payloads! XSS is now about Characters, Slugs, Parsing & Filtering

http://xssWarrior.com                         All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending. All Rights Reserved
         Table of Contents (pt3)

      Part 2: New Methods
      Dynamic Analysis of XSS
       Vulnerabilities: The Practice




                           Spidering for Slugs and XSS
                           HTTP Methods: GET / POST / HEADER /
                            COOKIES
                           Another Simple Reflected XSS Example
                           A Simple Stored XSS Detection Example
                           A brief word on DOM-Based XSS


http://xssWarrior.com                       All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending. All Rights Reserved
         Table of Contents (pt4)

      Part 3: New Methods - Dynamic
       XSS Exploitation




http://xssWarrior.com                  All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending. All Rights Reserved
                        Introduction / Background




http://xssWarrior.com                All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending. All Rights Reserved
         What this presentation is
         & what it is not…


     This presentation is a starter introduction to a new way of doing Dynamic XSS vulnerability detection

     This presentation shows SIMPLE examples in order to communicate the UNDERLYING CONCEPTS of Dynamic
     XSS Discovery

     It does NOT cover every iteration of the methods described

        • I briefly cover DOM­based XSS in this presentation but the methods described here can be extended for this as well – I will cover
          some of these verbally

     It does NOT cover more complex ideas and XSS cases but it should be understood from the presentation
     how these may be pragmatically solved and implemented

     The presentation covers straight HTML / JavaScript but it should also be understood that the methods
     contained herein also apply to additional technologies such as Flash and ActiveX

     It is NOT a product pitch

     xssWarrior: The methodology presented herein is not theory. A real application exists that embodies this
     presentation and it is continuing to be enhanced to add more and more functionality described here
http://xssWarrior.com                                                     All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending. All Rights Reserved
          Some History

           Discovering the Dynamic XSS
            Methodologies




                       When the
                        current                           Valentines Day
                                        I noticed that                       This lead me to                        I subsequently
                      automated                            2014 ­ Yahoo!
                                          the exploits                          create an                                turned
                       scanners                          offers a doubles
                                        returned back                           improved         I wrote a quick   prototype into a
                        finished                             bounty for
    I used major                          from these                         automated XSS          prototype         full fledged
                      processing I                       sports.yahoo.co
      and open                        scanners did not                        vulnerability        scanner and          scanner         All material
                    would review                           m. Found XSS
  source scanners                      always function                           scanning        found a bunch         xssWarrior        contained
                       the sites                             Across 17
   in large scale                          properly:                            detection            of XSS in     which included     within is patent
                    manually and I                          domains and
   environments                            namely, I                        system that can      bounties using     expanding my          pending
                     could almost                          every page on
    (2013­2014)                            needed to                        find the types of      the method I    original method
                      always find                         those domains.
                                          correct the                        vulnerabilities I      developed          to include
                    additional XSS                       Why didn't their
                                         syntax to get                         was finding                           Stored XSS &
                    vulnerabilities                      scanner(s) catch
                                      them to execute                       manually before                        DOM­based XSS
                     not found by                               it?
                     the scanners




http://xssWarrior.com                                                       All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending. All Rights Reserved
                                  Part 1:
                         The State of Automated

                           XSS Discovery Today




http://xssWarrior.com               All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending. All Rights Reserved
          On Payloads

           Static / Signature Analysis


                                                      Problem: The big issue is
   Almost all automated                                that one needs a high           Problem: If it doesn't fit
                                                                                                                       Let's turn to a few Open
   scanners today use a   These strings consist of:    volume of use cases to          something predefined it
                                                                                                                          Source examples:
   payload methodology                                   satisfy every single                isn't found
                                                               variation


                                                              Satisfying all                  This is the XSS              Please note I am a
                                Sample exploits             variations is not               equivalent to anti­            big fan of OWASP
                                                                possible                     virus signatures              and their projects.



                                                            Cannot handle
                                     Syntax               complex or unique
                                                              XSS issues


                               Sometimes these
                               strings contain an
                              identifier or tracer
                                     value


                                   Sometimes
                                    callback /
                                   debugging
                                    payloads
http://xssWarrior.com                                                 All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending. All Rights Reserved
         OWASP Xenotix XSS
         Payloads




http://xssWarrior.com        All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending. All Rights Reserved
         Sample Xenotix Payload
         Variations




http://xssWarrior.com         All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending. All Rights Reserved
         Other Tool Payloads
         (XSSer)




http://xssWarrior.com          All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending. All Rights Reserved
         Other Tool Payloads
         (W3af)




http://xssWarrior.com          All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending. All Rights Reserved
         Current Know & Popular

           Automated XSS Testing Methods




                                          When searching out “in the wild” for XSS detection, all
                                            methods found used payloads to some degree




                                      Generally speaking there are only three distinct methods
                                      •The rest appear to be a variation of the three
                                      •Some combine different elements of the three
                                      •This would include added predefined / static characters strings
                                       into the front for syntax
                                      •Clearly some of these methods will yield better results


                                      When we examine the methods we will look at
                                      •The underlying ideas behind the method
                                      •The logic
                                      •The elements / components of the payload
                                      •How it all fits together in order to test for XSS



http://xssWarrior.com                            All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending. All Rights Reserved
          The Payload “Slam”




          Underlying Idea:
            Assign the variable's data value with a known payload
             without anything else to it. Notice: no trace value

          The logic:

          http://vulnsite.com?param=DATAVALUE
          http://vulnsite.com?param=payload (signature)



http://xssWarrior.com                All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending. All Rights Reserved
         The Tracing Payload



         Underlying Ideas:
            Put a tracer value in a known payload so the payload can be
             tracked
            If we determine the payload executes, we know which one did

         The Logic:
         http://vulnsite.com?param=DATAVALUE
         http://vulnsite.com?param=<payload>tracervalue</payload>
          (signature)

         The trace value, such as 12345, is embedded in the predefined
          payload. Example:
            http://vulnsite.com?param=<script>alert(12345)</script>

http://xssWarrior.com                     All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending. All Rights Reserved
          The Trace and then
          Payload Replace



         Underlying Idea:
           Similar to the “Slam” but puts a tracevalue into the logic
           Assign the variable's data value with a tracevalue to
            see if user supplied data return to the application
           If the tracevalue is returned, assigned a payload and
            determine if vulnerable

         The Logic:
         http://vulnsite.com?param=DATAVALUE
         http://vulnsite.com?param=tracervalue
         http://vulnsite.com?param=payload (signature)
http://xssWarrior.com                 All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending. All Rights Reserved
            Issue with Payloads

              Syntax and Transformations



                                                                   We need to be able to                  Payloads will often fail
                                                                 account for when data is                  because they cannot
    Often times a filter will:   Complex Script Tag Syntax
                                                                   transformed: example,                   account for filtering
                                                                 from %27 to ' or \x27 to '                     variations


            Eliminate
                                      It needs to fit the
         anything to right
                                         exact payload
           of the “bad”
                                            syntax
            character

         Reject the entire
            string if it
         contains a “bad”
            character




http://xssWarrior.com                                        All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending. All Rights Reserved
                            Part 2: New Methods

                 Dynamic Analysis of XSS Vulnerabilities:
                         The Theory & Practice




http://xssWarrior.com                All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending. All Rights Reserved
         The Change of Focus

             from Payloads to Characters

 The idea is that instead of using payloads we test each situation individually based on it's specific circumstances
    • We do this by figuring out which characters need to be tested in any given situation (context and syntax)

 The move from Payloads to Characters gives some distinct advantages
    • We can figure out how the application interprets characters that are passed to it and, should there be filtering, figure out the rules of
      the filter.
    • We can narrow our requirements to exactly what the situation calls for and test only for those characters needed (derived from the
      context and syntax)
    • We can account for more complexity when the application does not fit a per­defined set of assumptions: we can figure out the unique
      combination of characters and the correct syntax to define proper HTML/JavaScript/JSON/XML/etc. For example, a complex script tag.
    • It allows for more fine grained testing

 This process may be used in an automated system

 With the characters and syntax information can dynamically discover XSS vulns, especially complex ones

 With the character and syntax information can write custom exploits too

 The key points:
    • if we know what characters are needed for correct syntax and we know which characters get through the filter (and how to get them
      through) there is an extremely high probability there is an vulnerability and in some cases we can know it 100%
    • With this information we can then turn to validation of the vulnerability and test different ways (browser / character encodings /
      specific strings / etc.) it may come about as well as write specific tests for the XSS issue found
http://xssWarrior.com                                                       All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending. All Rights Reserved
          Let`s briefly talk about
          slugs and fields

          Assignment, Tracing, Tracking &
           Syntax Parsing




http://xssWarrior.com                        All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending. All Rights Reserved
          Application Component

           Review: Filters, DB, Memory,
            Source & DOM




http://xssWarrior.com                      All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending. All Rights Reserved
          The Sandwich Method


    Remember:
          can advantageously be automated
          tests any and every character and string combinations!
    Instead of using a single slug (such as 123456789), we use two in concert with one another
    Between the two trace slugs we can then place any additional character or string creating a
     new unique string
    Examples (no spaces normally):
        123456789 A 123456789
        123456789 “ 123456789
        123456789 <script> 123456789
        123456789 &#39; 123456789
        123456789 %27 123456789
        Etc / etc / etc....
    If we detect the unique string in the output of the application we know our character or string
     has made it through the application. For example, we test a URL encoded character:
        We submit to app string A:
          123456789%27123456789
        We search output for string B:           123456789'123456789
        We know if we find string B in the output we know the ' has made it through the
          application
http://xssWarrior.com                               All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending. All Rights Reserved
          The New Automated Dynamic
          XSS Detection Logic



          Underlying Ideas:
                The goal is to determine the characters needed to complete the syntax needed for XSS
                We can then determine if the characters and strings needed for XSS make it through the application
                We can create variations based on specific scenarios and get accurate testing results instead of firing “blind”
                We can create encoding variations for different characters and determine if the output would be vulnerable
                 when interpreted by specific browser versions

          The Logic:
          http://vulnsite.com?param=WEBSITEVALUE
          http://vulnsite.com?param=tracervalue
                        <-- If tracervalue is returned somewhere in the application or found in the DOM we have a potential
                         vulnerability
                        <-- Parse for syntax & determine HMTL/script/etc. characters needed
                        <-- Parse for other elements such as tags to generate XSS exploits specific for that specific scenario
          http://vulnsite.com?param=tracervalue<character>tracervalue
                        <--- Now we can test for special characters to see what gets through the filter
                        <--- There can be a lot of variations on characters/strings that get tested/passed (character
                         encodings, known strings, etc.)
          http://vulnsite.com?param=tracervalue<payload (custom)>tracervalue
                        <--- Payloads get created based on results of character and string testing
                        <--- Possible but not always needed
          http://vulnsite.com?param=payload (custom)
                        <--- Final result

          (Note we are now using custom values instead of payload signatures)

http://xssWarrior.com                                              All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending. All Rights Reserved
          Sandwich Method
          Extended
           Brute-Force, Special Strings,
            Various Encodings & more




          (In reality: no spaces in the examples below)
          6ea261c8 <script 6ea261c8
          6ea261c8 <script> 6ea261c8
          6ea261c8 %3c 6ea261c8                       (URL encode >)
          6ea261c8 &#x39; 6ea261c8                  (Decimal: ')
          6ea261c8 &#x27; 6ea261c8                  (HTML Hex: ')
          6ea261c8 \u0027 6ea261c8                   (Unicode: ')
          6ea261c8 \x27 6ea261c8                    (Straight Hex: ')

http://xssWarrior.com                       All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending. All Rights Reserved
          Filtering in the field

      A Real-life Pen Test Example




         Case 1:
            <                did not work
            %3c       did not work
            %%3c      WORKED
         Case 2:
            javascript did not work (it was filtered)
            '          did not work (it was filtered)
            java'script did work: turned into → javascript


         And we can test for these cases because we are testing for characters and
          strings without using payloads!


http://xssWarrior.com                        All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending. All Rights Reserved
         The Questions of Accuarcy
         And Efficiency



    For most fields we only need to check the characters that make up the syntax (and any encoding variations
    we choose to run)

    Therefore: we check fewer characters than the payload method which usually checks all payloads for a
    parameter
      • This is especially true if we determine that one of the essential characters needed for the syntax fails: we don't need to continue
        checking the additional characters. Example: a double quote needed in an HTML attribute

    If we like we can add additional characters we plan to use in our exploit to determine which exploit to use or
    how we need to build it (based on the context / syntax analysis). Examples:
      • If we use String.fromCharCode we may want to add , () .
      • Or if we decide to use data:text/html;base64 in an href we may need to add :/;

    Extremely accurate

      • If the strings don't match we know character didn't make it through
      • If we don't find that the essential syntax characters, strings and / or our exploit characters pass we know it will not be vulnerable

    We can analyze more complex issues



http://xssWarrior.com                                                       All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending. All Rights Reserved
         Browser Considerations




       Once we know the characters that
       pass through the application, we                                                    This means we can test for XSS
                                            We can get strings through that
       can build strings that are browser                                                 per browser and not just generic,
                                            would be interpreted differently
        specific if we know that &#; will                                                 perhaps IE8 is vulnerable but not
                                                on different browsers
        make it through but something                                                          IE10 or FireFox 35, etc.
                   like < will not




http://xssWarrior.com                                         All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending. All Rights Reserved
          Goodbye Payloads

          XSS is about Characters, Slugs,
           Parsing & Filtering


                             Key Takeaways!
                             • Figure out how the application works via character
                               determination is more advantageous than “blindly”
                               submitting payload strings
                             • We can figure how the application behaves by
                               using the sandwich method to trace character and
                               string data to figure out how the application will
                               behave: filter and / or transform data
                             • Using the character & syntax data is more accurate
                               and efficient
                             • We can use the character & syntax data to
                               determine if a vulnerability or potentially
                               vulnerability exists and then create custom exploits
                               especially when the syntax is complex.
                             • We can use the sandwich method to test for
                               characters and strings in other circumstances even
                               if we cannot parse the source: Flash, ActiveX, etc.




http://xssWarrior.com                                   All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending. All Rights Reserved
                        Part 2: New Methods

               Dynamic Analysis of XSS Vulnerabilities:
                           The Practice




http://xssWarrior.com              All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending. All Rights Reserved
         “Spidering” for slugs and
         XSS


           In reality any number of methods can be used to get URLs (especially for “AJAX URLs”)– for ease of
           discussion we will stick with spidering


           Whatever method is used, when spidering the application the components search for slugs
            •If they are immediately found after the page submission we have a Reflected XSS
            •If they are submitted but found on another page (in the same session) we have InMemory XSS
            •If they are found after the session is cleared and a new one is formed we have Stored XSS
            •We find our slugs referenced in the immediate page in the client memory (DOM­based)


           If these slugs are found, they are recorded and associated with the location they were inputted


           The goal is to find places to input but also find where slugs are outputted


           We map the input to output of the slugs: this may be a 1 to Many relationship, especially when
           dealing with Stored XSS (think a name field)

           Once we have the input and then the output we can test which characters go in and come out using
           the Sandwhich Method.

           We can then track the results and the one's that have vulnerabilities based on characters and
           syntax we can being generating exploits.

http://xssWarrior.com                                                           All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending. All Rights Reserved
         Testing Application
         Methods & Synataxes




                  We can use the
                  sandwich and                    The application can
                  detection methods               also test for
                  described above to              different syntax
                  test different                  formats and test
                  methods and parts               those
                  of the application              • JSON / HTML / XML /
                  • GET / POST / HEADER             Etc.
                    / COOKIES


http://xssWarrior.com                     All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending. All Rights Reserved
         A bried word on
         DOM-Based XSS



                            We can search through
                            the DOM for the slug



                               We can then search
                           through the DOM for the
                                slug sandwich and
                           determine the characters
                           can be represented / not
                            filtered or transformed



                           We can determine what
                            strings / exploits can be
                           represented in the DOM




                           We can then used various
                             validation methods –
                           such as callbacks, debug,
                             etc. – to test exploits

http://xssWarrior.com                  All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending. All Rights Reserved
                        Part 3: New Methods

          A Brief Method for Dynamic XSS Exploitation




http://xssWarrior.com            All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending. All Rights Reserved
         Issues with Current Static
         XSS Exploit Payloads



            The issue is that the payload is the exploit
               It is not customized for the context / syntax
            It could transform due to a filter but there still may be a
             vulnerability

            Introducing Dynamic XSS Exploit Analysis and Generation

            By knowing the characters and the context a customized
             exploit may be developed for specific situation, including
             accounting for transformations of characters through the filter
               (see pen testing example earlier %%3c)




http://xssWarrior.com                       All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending. All Rights Reserved
          Method to Determine and
          Create Custom XSS Exploit (pt1)



         Recall our testing logic:

         http://vulnsite.com?param=WEBSITEVALUE
         http://vulnsite.com?param=tracervalue
                 <-- If tracervalue is returned somewhere in the application or found in the
                  DOM we have a potential vulnerability
                 <-- Parse for syntax & determine HMTL/script/etc. characters needed
                 <-- Parse for other elements such as tags to generate XSS exploits specific
                  for that specific scenario
         http://vulnsite.com?param=tracervalue<character>tracervalue
                 <--- Now we can test for special characters to see what gets through the
                  filter
                 <--- There can be a lot of variations on characters/strings that get
                  tested/passed (character encodings, known strings, etc.)
         http://vulnsite.com?param=tracervalue<payload (custom)>tracervalue
                 <--- Payload based on results of testing
                 <--- Possible but not always needed
         http://vulnsite.com?param=payload (custom)
                 <--- Final result
http://xssWarrior.com                            All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending. All Rights Reserved
          Method to Determine and
          Create Custom XSS Exploit (pt2)




         A Simple Dynamic Custom XSS Exploit Method

         Step 1: Find Slug in HTML
         Step 2: Parse HTML to determine where CheckSum exists / syntax check
         Step 3: Determine characters needed to pass through filter based on HTML Syntax
         Step 4: Use XSS Test Method to determine characters that pass through filter
         Step 5: If characters pass through filter, build exploit string based on characters
          and context and then check if exploit string passes through filter
         Step 6: (optional) Exploit string can be out of band callback for extra validation
         Step 7: Remove MD5 Check Sum and Save Exploit

         Based on the characters and syntax needed, we may decide to add special
          characters to test which we most likely would use in the exploit we plan to use
            We can technically make this determination either after we test the
              preliminary characters
                  That is to say, after we determine if the necessary characters get through
                   via step Step 3
            Or, we can “guess” and add them to Step 3 and test everything “at once”

http://xssWarrior.com                             All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending. All Rights Reserved
          Writing the Dynamic
          Exploit



         We can make it more complex depending on the
          different exploits for the context: – html tag / text or
          attribute / script / etc.
               For instance, in the body tag:
                       If we can pass “=() we might be able to exploit
                       onload="exploit()"
                       Where we might not be able to pass “</>()
                       “><script>alert(10)</script>”<
         We can account for the transformation and / or
          filtering mechanisms in place in the application
               < will not make it through but %% does


http://xssWarrior.com                               All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending. All Rights Reserved
                        Q&A




http://xssWarrior.com    All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending. All Rights Reserved
         Ken`s Contact Information




       Email:           contact@xssWarrior.com
       Product:         http://xssWarrior.com
       Twitter:         http://twitter.com/xssWarrior
       Me:              http://twitter.com/infosecmaverick
       Research: http://securitymaverick.com
       Essays:   http://www.bloginfosec.com

                         Stop by and say, 'Hi'!
http://xssWarrior.com                All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending. All Rights Reserved
          Bio of Kenneth F.Belva


Kenneth F. Belva is the Publisher and Editor-in-Chief of bloginfosec.com. He is current develops xssWarrior, currently the only scanner
than can automate testing for Stored XSS, for commercial use at xssWarrior.com. In addition, he is an independent penetration tester and
security researcher.

For the past 15 years he worked in Cyber Security mainly in the financial services vertical, most recently at a multinational conglomerate,
conducting both technical and non-technical risk assessments at the application and network layers. From 2005 - 2013 he managed an
Information Technology Risk Management Program for a bank whose assets are Billions of dollars.

At the OWASP AppSec2013 conference BugCrowd validated three of his 0-day vulnerabilities he found in Yahoo, Yandex and Angelist
within the first two days of BugBash2013. He has since been credited with finding a number of other vulnerabilities on sites such as
Netflix and OKCupid.

He was previously on the board of the New York Metro Chapter of the Information Systems Security Association (ISSA) where he served
in various capacities over the past 9 years. He has spoken and moderated at the United Nations as well as presented on AT&T’s Internet
Security News Network (ISNN) on discovering unknown web application vulnerabilities as well as being interviewed on security
enablement.

ITsecurity.com recognized him as one of the top information security influencers in 2007.
In 2009, he was published in the Information Security Management Handbook, Sixth Edition, edited by Hal Tipton and Micki Krause. He
also co-authored one of the central chapters in Enterprise Information Security and Privacy, edited by Warren Axelrod, Jennifer L. Bayuk
and Daniel Schutzer.

He recently co-authored a paper entitled “Creating Business Through Virtual Trust: How to Gain and Sustain a Competitive Advantage
Using Information Security” with Sam Dekay of The Bank of New York. of security breaches on stock prices.
Mr. Belva frequently presents at information security conferences around the US as well as globally. He writes on day-to-day information
security experiences in a non-essay format at SecurityMaverick.com when time permits and can be followed on twitter @infosecmaverick


http://xssWarrior.com                                                  All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending. All Rights Reserved
             Slide Deck 3
xssWarrior & XSS: A Basic Introduction




 All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending Globally. All Rights Reserved.   26
                                   xssWarrior.com
                  xssWarrior & XSS:
                  A Basic Introduction


     Kenneth F. Belva, CISSP, CEH




All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending Globally. All Rights Reserved.   27
                                  xssWarrior.com
                      xssWarrior & XSS
●   Presented at One of World's Top Cyber Sec Conferences
●   What are some of the consequences of XSS?
●   How is it different? What are some benefits?
●   Some Public Results
●   Graphical Interfaces
●   Conclusion
●   Who Am I?
●   Contact Information


          All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending Globally. All Rights Reserved.   28
                                            xssWarrior.com
            What are some of the the
            consequences of XSS?
●   Log in as another person (session stealing)
●   Install malware such as APTs (Advanced
    Persistent Threats) on the user visiting the
    compromised website
●   Redirect users to a fake / malicious website
    under attacker's control


        All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending Globally. All Rights Reserved.   29
                                          xssWarrior.com
                    How is it different?
                  What are some benefits?
●   xssWarrior uses a proprietary method to test and detect for XSS
    vulnerabilities
●   Finds difficult XSS vulnerabilities in complex code
●   The scanner excels at a notorious difficult XSS issue: Stored XSS
    – Up to now most scanners cannot test for this accurately due to the limitations of
      the current techniques


    The Benefits:
●   With the new automated process, the application lowers the total cost to
    find XSS vulnerabilities
●   Tool easily fits into existing automated scanning processes and
    procedures
             All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending Globally. All Rights Reserved.   30
                                               xssWarrior.com
                       Some Public Results
●   Patent-Pending Technique used to find XSS vulnerabilities on following
    Bug Bounty programs
    – Netflix

    – Yahoo

    – OKCupid

    – Yandex

●   xssWarrior found XSS in below applications resulting in CVEs
    – CVE-2014-6635 – Exponent CMS

    – CVE-2014-6618 – Your online shop

    – CVE-2014-6619 – Pizza Inn

    – [To be assigned] – TomatoCart

    – CVE-2015-2043 – MyConnection Server 8.2b




                All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending Globally. All Rights Reserved.   31
                                                  xssWarrior.com
All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending Globally. All Rights Reserved.   32
                                  xssWarrior.com
               Graphical Interface




All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending Globally. All Rights Reserved.   33
                                  xssWarrior.com
                  Results Part 1




All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending Globally. All Rights Reserved.   34
                                  xssWarrior.com
                  Results Part 2




All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending Globally. All Rights Reserved.   35
                                  xssWarrior.com
                                 Conclusion
●   Use xssWarrior to find common and hard to find
    XSS vulnerabilities in web properties
●   Protect the infrastructure by finding security
    holes before bad guys do (defense)
●   Find XSS holes in adversaries websites before
    they do (offense)




         All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending Globally. All Rights Reserved.   36
                                           xssWarrior.com
                                 Who Am I?
●   I am almost 20 year veteran in the cyber security
    field
●   Had technical and managerial roles in the cyber
    space: currently developing xssWarrior for public
    release
●   Active in NYC cyber scene: prior 8+ year board
    member of NYC chapter of ISSA
●   Presented at NYC chapters of OWASP, ISSA, ISC2
    and ASIS


          All Material and Methods Contained Here Patent Pending Globally. All Rights Reserved.   37
                                            xssWarrior.com
